Financial Accounting Accounting in a Competitive Economy

Question: Depict about the Financial Accounting of Accounting in a Competitive Economy. Answer: Presentation Bookkeeping gauges are the guidelines, guidelines and approaches that help an association to run successfully and easily. The Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) is the office of the administration of the nation that gives the AASB norms and incorporates the Australian comparable to the IFRS (International Financing Reporting Standards). In the year 2007, the AASB altered the Standards of bookkeeping with the end goal that the prerequisites are indistinguishable from the IFRS that were given by the IASB for the elements (Shim, Siegel, Shim, 2012). Notwithstanding, it has been discovered that the AASB/IASB are against the current idea of materiality. Thusly, in this report, the general idea of materiality has been talked about alongside its application in the firm Wesfarmers and furthermore the issues of materiality with regards to the present AASB/IASB guidelines and system utilizing the yearly report of the specific organization has additionally been examined in subtleties. Idea of Materiality The idea of materiality is otherwise called the materiality limitation. It is characterized as the data identified with money that is considered as the material of the fiscal summaries that would modify the view or the assessment of reasonable faculty. It can likewise be said that all the essential monetary data may influence the clients supposition with respect to the budget summaries. This origination of materiality is of more noteworthy significance and is relative in size. According to Williams (2012), it has been discovered that a portion of the budgetary data of an organization may be helpful to a portion of the individuals like partners or a portion of the monetary data may be considered as material to a portion of the organizations. Then again, it may happen that the equivalent budgetary data probably won't be considered as the material rather it may be considered as the insignificant to different organizations and people. The idea of materiality tends to that the money relat ed data may make a separation between the clients of the fiscal summaries (Needles Powers, 2012). Consequently, according to the need and idea of materiality the organization includes the money related data for uncovering the monetary state of the firm to its partners and if the budgetary data is considered as insignificant to the bookkeeper of the firm then the data won't be added to the yearly report of the specific firm. Subsequently, it very well may be said that idea of materiality fluctuates starting with one association then onto the next. For instance, inside the firm Wesfarmers, the materiality depends on the bookkeeping standard AASB 1031. According to this specific bookkeeping standard AASB 1031, this is considered as an interval standard that by and large cross-references to the Framework and Standards that comprises of the direction in regards to the materiality. Then again, the bookkeeping standard AASB 2013-9 mirrors the Amendments to the Accounting Standards of Austr alia Materiality, Conceptual Framework and Financial Instruments. According to this norm, a few changes are considered because of issuance of AASB CF 2013-1 and will make revisions to the predefined gauges of bookkeeping so as to erase the references to the AASB 1031 (Wesfarmers.com.au, 2016). The specific organization Wesfarmers for estimating reasonable worth and revelations actualize the accompanying strategies the reasonable worth is determined dependent on the provided cost estimates in dynamic market and the reasonable worth is controlled by utilizing the contributions for risk and resources, which are relied upon the market information that are recognizable. Issues of materiality concerning the current AASB/IASB measures There have been appropriate issues identifying with the idea of materiality according to the IASB/AASB structure. Speculators are required to be educated regarding the money related state of the business undertaking before settling on basic budgetary choices (Bevis, 2013). The idea of materiality underlines on certain money related things that must be viewed as important for executing venture and monetary choices. On account of Wesfarmers Limited, there are pertinent monetary things that ought to be legitimately identified with the money related state of the element. These are the measure of advantages and liabilities in the association and the measure of benefits made by the business venture in the past budgetary year (Narayanaswamy, 2014). Anyway the estimation of immaterial resources is exposed to specific limitations. All things considered, the assurance of immaterial resources is exposed to the impression of the financial specialists. What's more, the assurance of prepaid costs in the association and its treatment is another issue in the idea of Materiality. BHP Billiton evaluates the prepaid d costs of the association as a present resource. In any case, this relies upon the assessment of the speculators. The IASB/AASB perceives this basic issue in the idea of materiality, consequently, having an antagonistic effect on the arrangement of fiscal reports of a business endeavor (Warren et al. 2013). According to the fiscal reports arranged by BHP Billiton, the acknowledgment of Bad obligation recuperated is another significant basic issue perceived by IASB/AASB. In cases, the Bad Debt recuperated can prompt issues identifying with recording and evaluating of bookkeeping data according to the fiscal summaries of a business undertaking. In that capacity, terrible obligation recouped has been a relevant issue in the idea of materiality according to the IASB/AASB. Other than this the IASB/AASB has forced exacting rules identifying with the distribution of variabl e costs to the expense of creation .according to the budget reports arranged by Wesfarmers Limited , the brand has various variable costs that adds to the expense of creation . Henceforth, such factor costs must be reexamined while introducing the budgetary report to the financial specialists of the organization. The idea of materiality decides the variable costs of an association according to their importance and convenience to the creation procedure (Porter Norton, 2012). All things considered, the gauges set by the idea of materiality can't be decided against the measures actualized by the IASB/AASB. In that capacity, acknowledgment of variable costs is a significant issue according to the IASB/AASB structure .m End The AASB 1031 standard is a between time standard which holds fast to the universal standard of bookkeeping and monetary detailing. The materiality exposures followed by Wesfarmers Limited adheres to this norm, along these lines, introducing the money related data to the financial specialists. Be that as it may, according to IASB/AASB the data introduced to the outer gatherings comprises certain issues when data is unveiled according to the materiality idea. These incorporate assurance of the estimation of elusive resources, deterioration just as terrible obligation recouped. In this way, the IASB and the AASB structure have properly recognized materiality issues while setting up the yearly fiscal reports of a business undertaking. References Bevis, H. W. (2013). Corporate Financial Accounting in a Competitive Economy (RLE Accounting). Routledge. Home - Wesfarmers. (2016).Wesfarmers.com.au. Recovered 26 May 2016, from https://www.wesfarmers.com.au Narayanaswamy, R. (2014). Money related Accounting: A Managerial Perspective. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Needles, B. Forces, M. (2012).Financial bookkeeping. Bricklayer, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Doorman, G., Norton, C. (2012). Money related bookkeeping: the effect on chiefs. Cengage Learning. Shim, J., Siegel, J., Shim, J. (2012).Financial bookkeeping. New York: McGraw-Hill. Warren, C., Reeve, J., Duchac, J. (2013). Corporate money related bookkeeping. Cengage Learning. Williams, J. (2012).Financial bookkeeping. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Manage Human resources free essay sample

1. Layout the distinction between key plans and operational plans Strategic plans are the drawn out plans and objectives of an association, while operational plans are shorter term; progressively about itemizing the everyday activities of the association. Operational plans need to remember the vital objectives with the goal that the association will arrive at their more extended term objectives. HR prerequisites are vital both in vital and operational plans. Inside operational plans, the HR techniques are critical to empower the representatives and human division of the association to work properly. The human component of an association must know about their jobs, satisfactorily prepared and treated decently to guarantee they complete operational errands. This, is turn, empowers the vital designs to work. 2. Clarify how execution the executives functions Performance the board is effective when the desires and commitments of representatives line up with the key arrangement of the association. Execution the board ought to guarantee that employees’ conduct and yields are reliable with the drawn out objectives of the association and that the two supplement one another. We will compose a custom article test on Oversee Human assets or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that a representative isn't meeting the goals set out by the vital and operational plans, at that point it is up to the HR director to execution deal with the worker to fit into these plans or look for business somewhere else. In this manner, execution the executives isn't just an approach to guarantee that representatives are supporting the association towards its key objectives, yet in addition a manner by which a worker can create aptitudes and become familiar with their own profession objectives. 3. For what reason do HR staff should know about applicable enactment? There is a great deal of enactment which HR faculty should know about and it is significant that it is authorized and considered when settling on HR choices. Representatives should be dealt with reasonably and believe in the association that they work for. This can be guaranteed if the applicable business and work environment enactment is followed. In the event that this enactment isn't followed, it can likewise be expensive for the association as fines and remuneration. The enactment which applies to human asset tasks are: Fairwork Act 2009 National Employment gauges Long help leave act Superannuation enactment Taxation enactment and incidental advantages Workplace Health and Safety Anti-separation enactment Workers pay The Fair Work Act 2009 sets up a security net of representative qualifications with the National Employment Standards (NES) and present day grants. Now and again, an employee’s qualifications change to meet the base privileges under the NES, which beat any instrument (counting previous State grants and State understandings) that is less gainful than the privileges under the NES. This implies if a worker is secured by an honor, understanding, previous State grant or State understanding or agreement of business, it can't give not exactly the NES qualifications. Rules identifying with other business matters represented by the Fair Work Act 2009 additionally apply to those businesses and representatives new to the national framework from 1 January 2010. This incorporates (however isn't restricted to): 1 end of work 2 undertaking haggling 3 modern activity 4 right of passage 5 general securities 6 record-keeping necessities. 4. What is the point of WHS enactment and what obligations does it place on bosses? The Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 is the authoritative and regulatory measures to improve word related wellbeing and security in Victoria. The Act sets out the key standards, obligations and rights according to word related wellbeing and security. The general idea of the obligations forced by the Act implies that they spread an extremely wide assortment of conditions, don't immediately get obsolete and give adaptability to figure out what should be done to consent. As a business you should give a sheltered and sound work environment for your laborers and contractual workers. This incorporates: giving and keeping up safe plant(such as apparatus and gear) and safe frameworks of work, (for example, controlling section to high hazard territories, controlling work pace and recurrence and giving frameworks to keep tumbles from statures) actualizing courses of action for the sheltered use, dealing with, capacity and transport of synthetic concoctions, (for example, hazardous products and other destructive materials) keeping up the work environment in a protected condition, (for example, guaranteeing fire exits are not blocked, crisis hardware is functional, and the worksite is commonly clean) giving laborers and temporary workers satisfactory offices, (for example, clean toilets, cool and clean drinking water, and sterile eating regions) ensuring laborers have sufficient data, guidance, preparing and oversight to work in a protected and solid way. A business should likewise: enough screen your laborers wellbeing, (for example, giving hearing tests to laborers presented to high commotion levels, giving blood tests to laborers presented to lead and checking weariness levels of transport and different specialists) keep data and records pertinent to your laborers wellbeing and security, (for example, records of natural observing, asbestos evaluations, emergency treatment records and important clinical data) utilize or connect with individuals with the vital capabilities or ability to exhort you on wellbeing and security issues influencing your laborers Consult with workers on issues that may legitimately influence their wellbeing, security or government assistance. Where the representatives are spoken to by a wellbeing and security agent (HSR), the HSR should likewise be associated with the discussion choose a senior administration delegate (or yourself) to manage laborers and their wellbeing and security agents in settling wellbeing and security issues at the work environment furnish your laborers with data in the suitable dialects about your working environment wellbeing and wellbeing courses of action, including the names of those to whom the laborers can submit a request or question. While recruiting new representatives you ought to illuminate them, recorded as a hard copy, of the idea of the work and inquire as to whether they have any prior injury or ailment that might be influenced by the work. You ought to likewise illuminate them, recorded as a hard copy, that neglecting to advise or concealing a prior physical issue or ailment which may be influenced by the idea of the proposed work, could bring about that injury or ailment being inel igible for future remuneration claims. Bosses must guarantee that others, (for example, their clients, guests and the overall population) are not jeopardized by the direct of your business (for instance, by giving insurance from falling flotsam and jetsam around building destinations, controlling traffic access to your work environment and restricting community inside the working environment). Bosses have extra explicit commitments if their business includes the: fabricate, importation, transportation, flexibly, capacity, dealing with or utilization of hazardous merchandise configuration, produce, importation, gracefully, erection or establishment of plant production, importation, or flexibly of substances. Managers additionally have commitments to: meet specific permitting, enrollment and confirmation prerequisites promptly advise WorkSafe of certain hazardous occurrences co-work with WorkSafe Inspectorsâ omply with Inspectors Notices and Written Directions gave by Worksafe controllers Relevant enactment must be remembe red for acceptance forms for new staff and HR must give preparing inside the particular territories. Workers ought to be made mindful of their legitimate rights and duties, just as their bosses. Strategies and techniques must guarantee to be in accordance with every single important enactment, alluding to the particular authoritative necessities when required. Arrangements and methods should likewise consider both passionate and physical wellbeing angles with regards to WHS enactment. Appraisal 3 Project 1. I have decided to embrace conveyance of enlistment administrations for Cooinda Hill. The administrations which will be given are: Development of position portrayals Advertising of empty positions Interviewing process Induction process The point of my administrations will be to enlist experts as required to Cooinda Hill who fit the necessities of the association and who can help Cooinda Hill to arrive at its vital objectives. Customer needs appraisal structure Client name: Services required (it would be ideal if you tick): Development of position portrayals Advertising empty positions Interview process Induction process Performance surveys Performance the executives Please answer the inquiries underneath applicable to your administrations required. Do you right now have position depictions for all situations inside the association? I will be inventive in the publicizing medium used to attempt to draw in pertinent potential deputies and advance the less substantial properties of the positions, for example, â€Å"tree change† or astounding network offices and backing for the association. Courses of events Within the initial two months all Position Descriptions will be checked on and a hole investigation done on the present workforce. Progression plans will likewise be inspected and considered all the while. An empty position will be promoted inside about fourteen days of the opening being recognized. Shutting date for applications will be three weeks from promoting date. First round meetings will be held inside multi week from shutting date of utilizations. Candidates will be educated regarding result inside multi week. The second round meetings and reference checks will happen inside multi week of this. Fruitful candidates will be educated inside multi week of last meeting. An arrangement will be made roughly a month subsequent to shutting date of uses. This may subject to accessibility of candidate. On the off chance that the procedure is to take longer than about a month, this will be just considered in

What is a National Merit Scholarship Should Your Student Try

HomeFinanceScholarshipsWhat is a National Merit Scholarship? Should Your Student Try?This page may contain affiliate links.Dec 13, 2019Of course youve heard of the PSAT, but did you know that the PSAT is more than just a prep test for the SAT? It’s also the exam that can qualify your student as a National Merit Scholarship winner. To win the National Merit Scholarship, your student must do extremely well on the PSAT during their junior year. The PSAT can be taken in 9th and 10th grade too, but only the 11th-grade test matters for National Merit. Winning a National Merit Scholarship is difficult but very prestigious and can lead to a lot of merit aid from schools. Here’s what you should know about the scholarship. Who Becomes a National Merit Scholarship Semifinalist? To be a National Merit Semifinalist, your student has to score within the top 1% of PSAT test-takers. Not necessarily an easy feat! The specific score breakdown varies by state – you can find the 2020 cutoff numbers here. Before you decide to invest a lot of resources into PSAT prep, consider having your student self-study for the PSAT and take it in 9th or 10th grade. Their results will let you know if investing in serious prep for the scholarship is worthwhile. Many students who qualify for National Merit status have studied for the PSAT. Some who don’t study miss the cutoff by only a few points – which can be very frustrating! If you think your student could win, it pays to put effort into test prep. How Do You Become A National Merit Scholar? To win a National Merit Scholarship, your student needs to take three steps. Before they begin, they have to meet the criteria: Enrolled as a high school student, progressing normally toward graduation. Planning to enroll full time in college starting the fall following high school graduation. A U.S. citizen or U.S. lawful permanent resident planning to become a U.S. citizen. The first step is making the PSAT score cutoff to become a semifinalist. This is considered by many to be the hardest step. Some states are harder to qualify in than others. But before you start planning a road trip, keep in mind that PSAT registration is done by the school you attend, not by where you take the test. There are 16,000 semifinalists. Next, your student will need to submit an application to become a National Merit Finalist. Your student will need to submit an academic transcript, SAT scores when taken, and information about their leadership and other activities. They will also need to write a personal essay and a recommendation from the high school principal, along with some information about the school’s curricula and grading system. There are 15,000 finalists. Finally, about half of the finalists will be selected by the National Merit Scholarship group to receive a financial award of $2,500, which is renewable each year for four years. Each step makes a big difference not only to your student but to the schools they apply to. One parent in our Paying For College 101 Facebook group shared this: â€Å"The foundation only gives $2,500 to some of the National Merit Finalists. But some individual companies give scholarships to children of employees who are NMFs (usually also $2,500) and individual colleges and universities give scholarships or automatic admission. My friend’s son just started attending the University of Rochester where he earned a large scholarship for being a National Merit Finalist.† What Does National Merit Scholar Get You? You might be looking at that listed $2,500 award and think, â€Å"That’s a lot of work for not much money!† What you may not realize is that having a National Merit award has a major impact on what schools will offer your student in terms of merit aid. Another parent in our Facebook group shared this story. â€Å"A friend told me that her daughter had just barely missed being a National Merit Finalist because she did no test prep whatsoever. She advised me to pay for prep which probably I didn’t need to do because my kid is great at test taking (made a 33 on the ACT in 8th grade!), but we did anyway. My son did become a National Merit Finalist but it didn’t get him any money for college because he chose Brown. I do think however, that the label helped with the huge outside scholarship he got ($10,000 a year renewable for 4 years.)† Being a semifinalist is prestigious, and will cause a lot of schools to recruit your student and offer additional aid. Almost all semifinalists go on to become finalists, which is even more exciting. There are many schools that will offer a full-tuition scholarship to National Merit Finalists. Choose the Best School For Your Student Many families don’t realize that the biggest source of academic aid is the colleges themselves. And being a National Merit semifinalist or finalist can make a big difference when it comes to institutional aid. Even if your student doesn’t qualify, however, you can choose a generous school from a larger pool of very good schools. Find more schools that can offer your student money by grabbing our College Free Money Finder today! Find FREE Money From Colleges

Jack Katz s Sociological Work On Crime - 1369 Words

This Jack Katz’s sociological work on crime explores the moral connotations of criminal behavior through the analysis of the mechanics of the criminal consciousness of the perpetrators, in which any of their specific pre-exiting social and/or psychological foundations may not alter the inner sensuality and the feelings of the moral restoration that conforms the true essence of their subjective criminal experience. Katz exposes the confrontations of the reality of such experience in the criminal’s mind, inducing a challenge into the thinking of traditional explanations that rule all morally accepted codes in modern society. Katz’ work gives a firm introduction to a theory of moral transcendence, as it takes the readers in an analytical expedition to the world of deviance. His work also represents a major achievement in expanding the understanding of criminal acts and their sensual connection in the criminal mind as he simply conceives it: â€Å"The Moral and Sens ual Attractions of Doing Evil.† In this book, Katz presents the criminal motivations as having an independent and perhaps rather magical nature, because inner conflicts, past social scarring, economical status, and/or the genetic conformation of the assailant will not have any effect in the distinctive sensual dynamics propelling him into the criminal act. This may sound somewhat illogical, but as Katz explains the particular seductions and compulsions of a perpetrators experience may be unique to crime. From Katz pointShow MoreRelatedContemporary Utilization Of Classical Perspective1575 Words   |  7 Pagesexplained and defined thoroughly detailing each theory and provide a historical background, theorist(s) involved, prior literature, scientific methods, results, personal opinions, and policy implications for each theory. These theories are still being utilized in law enforcement in present day enforcement of laws and policies and this paper will describe an in-depth explanation of the theories. Crime has been an on-going problem since the creation of the human race. When there are people that doRead MoreSociological View on Deviance and Drug Use Essay8777 Words   |  36 Pagestheir social circles and form judgments of them based on these imaginary observations (Cooley 1902). The main idea of the looking glass self is that people define themselves according to societys perception of them. Cooleys ideas, coupled with the works of Mead, are very important to labeling theory and its approach to a persons acceptance of labels as attached by society. George Meads theory is less concerned with the micro-level focus on the deviant and more concerned with the macro-levelRead MoreEssay on Bystander Effect : The Dark Figure of Crime1396 Words   |  6 Pages2012; 10,189,902 criminal offenses took place in the USA and were made known to law enforcement (FBI Uniform Crime Reports 2012). Another 3-3.4 million crimes were estimated to have been committed and not reported (Bureau of Justice Statics 2012), making for a total of around 13,189,902 crimes committed in the year of 2012. This figure of unreported crime is referred to as the dark figure of crime and will never truly be known. This figure exists for a number of reasons including, fear of the victim toRead MoreDoes the Perceived Risk of Punishment Deter Criminally Prone Individuals - Rational Choice, Self-Control and Crime.Pdf14337 Words   |  58 PagesJournal of Research in Crime and Delinquency http://jrc.sagepub.com/ Does the Perceived Risk of Punishment Deter Criminally Prone Individuals? Rational Choice, Self-Control, and Crime Bradley R. E. Wright, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt and Ray Paternoster Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2004 41: 180 DOI: 10.1177/0022427803260263 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/41/2/180 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalfRead MoreSocial Power of the News Media12127 Words   |  49 Pagesinformation, and because the media usually lack access to the sanctions that other such as legal or bureaucratic-institutions may apply in cases of noncompliance, mind control by the media can never be complete. On the contrary, psychological and sociological evidence suggests that despite the pervasive 11 Political Communication in Action symbolic power of the media, the audience will generally retain a minimum of autonomy and independence, and engage more or less actively, instead of purely passivelyRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement for Business Growth in a Demanding Economy Text  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 4 THE POWER OF MANAGEMENT CAPITAL THE DEMANDS OF SUSTAINING PROFITABLE GROWTH IN A BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT WHERE THE FAST DEVOUR THE SLOW Our work in helping to increase the profitability of many of the world’s major companies (as well as our database surveys of many other companies) has made it clear that all this complexity has been changing the fundamental dimensions of business strategy andRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 PagesTo enrich the experience of this safari, we hope to follow up with a Guidebook. 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To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellersRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesCongress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fif th Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIon

The Effects of Effects of Early Marriage - 7026 Words

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGBROUND OF THE STUDY. Marriage is found in all cultures. It is a process by which individuals select their life partners. It is an old institution which regulates the term upon which male and female reproduce according to well defined and acceptable social norms. This project undertaken would study one aspect of marriage, which is seen as a social problem in contemporary Nigerian society: namely early marriage. The study will try to find out its probable causes and effects with particular reference to Akatta, a town in Oru-East local government area of Imo state. It is the view of the researcher that early marriage continues to increase daily in spite of the awareness being created by governmental and†¦show more content†¦It is hoped that the study will acquaint men and women especially those yet to marry with the implication of early marriage. Practically, this study will also enable government, parents, and guidance, village and town leaders to take appropriate steps in solving the problems posed by the problems of early marriage today. This will enable them to find out the correct age at which a man or a woman ought to get married so as to live in harmony with their partners for life. It will also help the government to take up the task of enlightening the people on how to consult them for the handling of some conflicting situations that might erupt between parents and children instead of outright sending of their daughters to marry prematurely. 1.6. DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS The under listed terms have the following meaning(s): Early- early simply means the period or time between the appointed times. Marriage- marriage is a union or life contract between a male and a female for the purpose of procreation and socio-physical satisfaction of one another. Early marriage- early marriage means marriage of people who have not attained the world wide accepted age of 18 as the age of maturity. David Knox (1975:50) defined early marriage as a marriage before 20 for female and 22 for male, while Burchinal (1964:49) on his view see early marriage as being one in which at least a spouse especially the girl is not yet 19 or 20 years of age. Causes – causes means what produces anShow MoreRelatedEffect of Early Marriage1787 Words   |  8 Pages * ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form Beranda gt; special education gt; Young people’s views on early marriage and education, northern  Nigeria* Young people’s views on early marriage and education, northern  Nigeria* November 12, 2009 depuguh Tinggalkan komentar Go to comments Danladi Mamman ** Early marriage is more common in the northern parts of Nigeria. Here, many parents prefer to marry off their daughters at a very young age, for cultural and economicRead MoreThe Effects of Early Marriage Among Young Adults872 Words   |  4 PagesTHE EFFECTS OF EARLY MARRIAGE AMONG YOUNG ADULTS. Young adults may endure misery as a result of early marriage. Until more is known about their situation there can be no reliable estimates of the scale of their predicament, or of the social damage that is carried forward in the upbringing they give to their own children. One thing is clear is the impact of early marriage on girls and to a lesser extent on boys. Early marriage may bring negatives effect such as, psychosocial disadvantages, hardshipRead MoreThe Effects of Getting Married at a Young Age980 Words   |  4 PagesThe Negative Effects of Getting Married at a Young Age Marriage means sharing a life together, loving each other and the most important thing that couples should be aware of is the responsibility that comes with it. 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This to the large part is attributedRead MoreMarriage in Culture: Practice and Meaning Across Diverse Societies1043 Words   |  5 Pages Marriage refers to a legal union between a man and a woman, where they become a wife and husband. A family refers to a social unit that consists of children and their parents. Divorce, on the other hand, is the dissolution of a marriage by a court of law or any other competent body. Explore the Variations of Marriage in Different Cultures Marriage is an institution that has formed the foundation of families throughout history. However, the traditions that surround marriage ceremonies, choosingRead MorePremarital Sex1646 Words   |  7 Pageswho  are engaging in sexual activity prior to marriage (Wikipedia, 2009).  Premarital Sex is  so common nowadays because of the messages we  receive from most TV shows and movies that tells us â€Å"everyone is doing it†. So, is it okay to  engage in premarital sex? That  is the common question among teens and engaged couples but then again, there are a lot of factors to consider – Is it moral? Is it safe physically and emotionally? What are the causes and effects of premarital sex? What are the teachings  ofRead MoreChild Marriage964 Words   |  4 PagesPresent time, child marriage is a curse in the global society. Child marriage is a violation of human rights. In most cases young girls get married off to significantly older men when they are still children. Child marriages must be viewed within a context of force and coercion, involving pressure and emotional blackmail, and children that lack the choice or capacity to give their full consent. Child marriage must therefore always be considered forced marriage because valid consent is absent - andRead MoreThe Divorce Rate Of Divorce1123 Words   |  5 Pagesto present, people all over the world have determined to live together, which is called â€Å"get marriage† in another word, so that they depend on for living each other. Nevertheless, some couples are unable to maintain their relationship, therefore they choose divorce, which is one of the solutions to cope with problems between husband and wife. Furthermore, most people think carefully before they get marriage. However, the divorce rates trend to continually increase nowadays, thus it might be arguedRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Illegal1135 Words   |  5 Pagesare as equivalent as heterosexual couples, so they should be recognized and granted marriage licenses. I see gay marriage as a plague that only brings unpleasant consequences to society. Same sex marriage should be illegal because it alters the definition and the purpose of marriage, has negative effects on children, and is incompatible with sacred texts. According to Genesis chapter 1, the definition of marriage is the intimate union and equal partnership of a man and a woman. â€Å"God created manRead MorePersuasive Essay About Overpopulation1455 Words   |  6 Pageshelp solve it The big question is whether humanity is getting too big and, in the process, endangering the wellbeing of people, and our planet. Overpopulation is a real thing it’s happening right now in some parts of the world. Delay marriage, ending child marriages, and women empowerment might not seem like a lot, but it actually is. All these things can help the overpopulation problem we are facing today in certain parts of the world and in the future. If we all contribute to this we could help

Event Management for Melbourne Food and Wine- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEvent Management for Melbourne Food and Wine Festival. Answer: Event Brief Type, Dimension and Attraction of the Melbourne Food and Wine Festival The Melbourne Food and Wine Festival is held in the month of March since the year 1993 that helps in promotion of the food along with wine culture of Victoria. The charter of the festival helps in promotion of the talent along with lifestyle of that of Melbourne along with Victoria (Vic.gov.au. 2018). The food along with that of the wine lovers indulge themselves in the events that can fill the labyrinthine network of that of restaurants, basements and the rooftops. The Melbourne Food and Wine Festival helps in bringing to light innovative chefs, expert wine maker along with that of artisan producers (Melbournefoodandwine.com.au 2018) Initially it was a small program but it gradually became known for that of larger events like cooking class and banquet style lunch. The Festival helps in the attraction of food along with wine experts throughout the world including that of chefs, wine makers, wine commentators along with that of critics (Jones and Jones 2014). The Melbourne Food and Wine Festival contributes for the development of a better society. It provides opportunities for eating and drinking that can soothe the mind of the consumer. The dedicated team of Melbourne Food and Wine Festival that comprises of business development manager, gastronomy program manager, program co-ordinator and senior marketing manager help in producing a rich experience to the ones who attend this event (Colombo and Richards 2017). They help in making people enjoy a superlative eating along with drinking experience that everyone can enjoy. The festival provides opportunities for weekend escape and the stunning regions can help one in escaping from the boredom of life. Analysis of the event Form or Content The Melbourne Food and Wine Festival is a cultural event that helps in the celebration of the food along with wine industry of Victoria which attracts around 250,000 attendees. Around 200 events form a part of the program which is run by not-for-profit organization. The cultural festival has emerged to be a pre-eminent food along with wine festival of Australia (Vtic.com.au. 2018). Location and Size The festival is held along that of the Yarra River of Melbourne. The event is massive in scope and helps in showcasing the talent of chefs and wine makers. They can exhibit their skills during the course of this event that can help them in becoming popular within that of the market (Van Niekerk and Getz 2016). Budget Consideration The total budget for the Melbourne Food and Wine Festival project is between Australian Dollar 750,000 and between 800,000 (Liu, Sparks and Coghlan 2017). The budget will be used for building partnership with different kinds of key partners that can help in maintaining the international profile of Melbourne. The budget will be used for different aspects of Melbourne Food and Wine Festival like that of venue, dcor, staffing, programming, marketing, advertising, technology and that of the travel cost. Under venue, the costs incurred will be related to that of rental cost, lighting equipment, security staff and that of catering. Budget will also be required for the advertising along with marketing of an event of such a massive stature like the Melbourne Food and Wine Festival. The event budget will also include that revenue that will be earned from the tickets, sponsors and the vendors (Wood and Kenyon 2018). Number of Participants The number of participants for this event will be around 250,000 attendees. The food along with the wine seminars that will be held will help in featuring the chefs and the wine makers of Melbourne. Event Stakeholders and their involvement The internal stakeholders of Melbourne Food and Wine Festival will include that of Event Director, event manager, site manager, infrastructure manager and that of licensing manager. The external stakeholders will include the sponsors, market stalls, local community, venue owner and that of interest groups (Getz and Page 2016). The Melbourne Food and Wine Festival works with different community partners that helps in celebration of good work within that of the local community. HEAT (Hospitality, Employment and Training Program) is a program that engages the youth and it can help in providing skills to the young people who are aged between that of 16 to 25 (Van Niekerk and Getz 2016). The festival thus serves in helping those people who have been disengaged from that of mainstream education. The festival helps in attracting culture tourists to that of the local community event that can help in the promotion of cultural exchange between that of the tourists along with that of the reside nts. Cultural tourism is greatly facilitated with the help of Melbourne Food and Wine Festival. The festival helps in the creation of a cultural image and it throws up opportunities for that of the local communities so that they can share the culture (Christou, Sharpley and Farmaki 2018). The presenting, government and that of industry partners help in the promotion of the event and it also helps in promoting the services of these partners. The event partners like that of Crown, Victoria Harbour, Lindrum and Tahbilk helps in the advertising of their business that helps them in spreading their business (Getz 2017). The Festival helps in bringing the global food along with the wine talent to that of Melbourne that can help in delivering an unforgettable food along with wine experience to people. References: Christou, P., Sharpley, R. and Farmaki, A., 2018. Exploring the Emotional Dimension of Visitors' Satisfaction at Cultural Events.Event Management,22(2), pp.255-269. Colombo, A. and Richards, G., 2017. Eventful Cities as Global Innovation Catalysts: The Snar Festival Network.Event Management,21(5), pp.621-634. Getz, D. and Page, S., 2016.Event studies: Theory, research and policy for planned events. Routledge. Getz, D., 2017. Developing a Framework for Sustainable Event Cities.Event Management,21(5), pp.575-591. Jones, M.L. and Jones, M., 2014.Sustainable event management: A practical guide. Routledge. Liu, W., Sparks, B. and Coghlan, A., 2017. Event Experiences Through the Lens of Attendees.Event Management,21(4), pp.463-479. Melbournefoodandwine.com.au (2018).Melbourne Food Wine Festival. [online] Available at: https://www.melbournefoodandwine.com.au/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018]. Van Niekerk, M. and Getz, D., 2016. The identification and differentiation of festival stakeholders.Event Management,20(3), pp.419-431. Van Niekerk, M. and Getz, D., 2016. The identification and differentiation of festival stakeholders: A new perspective. Vic.gov.au. (2018).Melbourne Food and Wine Festival | Victorian Government. [online] Available at: https://www.vic.gov.au/event/2018/03/melbourne-food-and-wine-festival.html [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018]. Vtic.com.au. (2018).Melbourne Food and Wine Festival 1-17 March 2013 - Victoria Tourism Industry Council (VTIC). [online] Available at: https://www.vtic.com.au/melbourne-food-and-wine-festival-1-17-march-2013/ [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018]. Wood, E.H. and Kenyon, A.J., 2018. Remembering together: the importance of shared emotional memory in event experiences.Event Management,22(2), pp.163-181.

The Tomb Of Tutankhamen Essays - Egyptian Gods, Egyptian Mythology

The Tomb of Tutankhamen The Tomb of Tutankhamen What does the tomb of tutankhamen and its contents show about the Egyptian concern for the afterlife? Tutakhamen's tomb, and the artifacts inside are an indication of the concern the Ancient Egyptians held for the after-life of their king. In 26th Nov. 1922, the English archaeologist Howard Carter opened the virtually intact tomb of a largely unknown pharaoh: Tutankhamen. This was the first, and to date the finest royal tomb found virtually intact in the history of Egyptology. It took almost a decade of meticulous and painstaking work to empty the tomb of Tutankhamen. Around 3500 individual items were recovered. When the Burial Chamber of Tutankhamen was officially opened, on 17 February 1923, the Antechamber had been emptied. It had taken near fifty days to empty the Antechamber; the time required to dismantle and restore the contents of the Burial Chamber including the gilded wooden and the sarcophagus was to be greater, and the work was not completed until November 1930, eight years after the original discovery. One must examine both the tomb itself, and its contents, to see the connection between the tombs and burial rituals and the doctrine of eternal life. The royal tombs were not merely homes in the hereafter for the kings, as are the private tombs of commoners and nobility. Instead the tombs are cosmological vehicles of rebirth and deification as much as "houses of eternity." As the king is supposed to become Osiris in a far more intimate way than commoners, he is equipped with his very own Underworld. And as the king is supposed to become R in a way entirely unavailable to commoners, he is equipped with his very own passage of the sun, whether this is thought of as the way through the underworld or through the heavens. Tutankhamon's tomb, hurriedly prepared for the premature death of the king at the age of only about 18, is, as Romer says, a "hole in the ground," compared to a proper royal tomb. The theme of fours is conspicuous in Egyptian religious practice. Tutankhamon's tomb contains four chambers. The burial chamber, with a ritual if not an actual orientation towards the West, is the chamber of departure towards the funeral destinies. The internment of the body certainly is the beginning of the sojourn of the dead, and the Egyptians saw the dead as departing"into the West." The room called the "Treasury" is then interpreted to have a ritual orientation towards the North as the "chamber of reconstitution of the body." Since the most conspicuous object in the Treasury was a great gilt sledge holding the shrine containing the canopic chest, which holds the king's viscera, this could well suggest the problem of reassembling the king's living body. That task, indeed, has a very important place in Egyptian mythology. After the goddess Isis had retrieved her husband Osiris's murdered body from Byblos, their common brother, Seth, the original murderer, stole the body, cut it into pieces, and tossed them in the Nile. Isis then had to retrieve the parts of the body before Osiris could be restored to life. Her search through the Delta, which is in the North of Egypt, seems to parallel the "sacred pilgrimage" to cities of the Delta that Desroches-Noblecourt relates as one of ritual acts of the funeral, as many of the other objects in the Treasury seem to be accessories for that pilgrimage. For the sovereign to be reborn it was necessary that a symbolic pilgrimage be made to the holy cities of the delta. The principal halts of the journey corresponded almost exactly to the four cardinal points of the delta where these cities were situated. Sais, to the west, represented the necropolis where the body was buried; Buto to the north, with its famous canal, was an essential stage of the transformations within the aquatic world of the primordial abyss, evoking the water surrounding the unborn child; and Mendes to the east whose name could be written with the two pillars of Osiris, the djed pillars, evoking the concept of air. There, said the old texts, the gods Shu and Tefenet were reunited, or again, according to the 17th chapter of The Book of the Dead, that was where the souls of Osiris and Re had joined. Finally, the southern-most city which completed the cycle of Heliopolis, the city of the sun, symbolizing the fourth [sic] element, fire, where the heavenly body arose in youth glory between the two hills on the horizon. [Christiane Desroches-Noblecourt, 1963, p. 238-9] As these four cities parallel the four rooms

Free Essays on The History Of The Internet And World Wide Web

The History of the Internet and World Wide Web Since its introduction to the mainstream in the early 1990’s, the Internet has grown at an astronomical pace. A few years ago, it was a relatively small network used mainly by computer engineers, the government, and the educational community. Since then, it has blossomed into a global communications infrastructure which anyone from a housewife in the U.S. to a 7-year old in Africa uses on a regular basis. In parallel with it, media and culture surrounding the Internet has experienced rmous expansion to the state of ubiquity. With this permeation into our society and the corresponding media coverage, one would expect to find that people have at least basic knowledge of its history and the workings behind it. However, as with other modern utilities, most individuals are content to merely use it without an understanding of its background. This is acceptable for the common person, but those who are involved with computers to a considerable extent should consider it important to be familiar with the Internet’s structure and origins. Beginnings: Packet Switching and ARPANET After the end of World War II, tensions over territorial rights, the disintegration of wartime allies, war reparations, and the introduction of the atomic bomb were all threatening the peace that had juhen they became atomically armed, a struggle between America and the USSR to improve on these weapons of mass destruction began, which became known later as the Cold War. On October 4, 1957, the world was shocked by the launching of the world’s first satellite, Sputnik 1, by the USSR. America had expected to be first in space, and quickly found its image as a technology superpower and perceived lead in the arms race tarnished. The introduction of intercontinental ballistic missiles,e New York Times: "The same Soviet rocket that sent a satellite into orbit Friday can deliver an ICBM warhead on New York... Free Essays on The History Of The Internet And World Wide Web Free Essays on The History Of The Internet And World Wide Web The History of the Internet and World Wide Web Since its introduction to the mainstream in the early 1990’s, the Internet has grown at an astronomical pace. A few years ago, it was a relatively small network used mainly by computer engineers, the government, and the educational community. Since then, it has blossomed into a global communications infrastructure which anyone from a housewife in the U.S. to a 7-year old in Africa uses on a regular basis. In parallel with it, media and culture surrounding the Internet has experienced rmous expansion to the state of ubiquity. With this permeation into our society and the corresponding media coverage, one would expect to find that people have at least basic knowledge of its history and the workings behind it. However, as with other modern utilities, most individuals are content to merely use it without an understanding of its background. This is acceptable for the common person, but those who are involved with computers to a considerable extent should consider it important to be familiar with the Internet’s structure and origins. Beginnings: Packet Switching and ARPANET After the end of World War II, tensions over territorial rights, the disintegration of wartime allies, war reparations, and the introduction of the atomic bomb were all threatening the peace that had juhen they became atomically armed, a struggle between America and the USSR to improve on these weapons of mass destruction began, which became known later as the Cold War. On October 4, 1957, the world was shocked by the launching of the world’s first satellite, Sputnik 1, by the USSR. America had expected to be first in space, and quickly found its image as a technology superpower and perceived lead in the arms race tarnished. The introduction of intercontinental ballistic missiles,e New York Times: "The same Soviet rocket that sent a satellite into orbit Friday can deliver an ICBM warhead on New York...

Canada and World War II

This paper studies the causes of WWII and Canadas participation in the war. This paper begins with an exploration of the various causes of WWII, focusing on the rapid increase in the strength and might of fascist leaders and on economic depression. The paper then turns to the participation of Canada in the war. It looks at Canadas motivation to participate, at Prime Minister Kings policies and at specific battles in which Canadians were involved. The paper concludes with evaluations of the consequences of participation in the war for Canada. Second World War was a horrible event, which destroyed an entire generation and robbed millions of their dreams and hopes. This primary cause of this war was the rapid rise in the power and might of fascist regimes in Italy, Russia and Germany. Along with fascist power, it was the economic conditions of various European nations that gave the likes of Hitler a chance to turn their dream of world domination into a reality. This paper studies various causes of the Second World War and shed lights on Canadas participation in this war.

WAG case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

WAG analysis - Case Study Example Financial Analysis of the Wag’s Judgments and Method of Calculating Net Income According to Canadian accounting standards for private enterprises (ASPE), WAG’s financial judgments and methods used have resulted to overstatement and understatement of net income in various ways. First, the method of calculating and awarding dividends and salaries has resulted in the understatement of net income. In Wiki Art Gallery (WAG) dividends are shared on 50 per cent basis on monthly basis and this was paid up to $400 until April 2012. The amount of dividend paid out to shareholders determines company’s annual net income because they determine the difference between assets and liabilities. According to the Canadian accounting standards for private enterprises (ASPE) a company is restricted from paying out dividends before passing balance sheet test whereby the declared dividends must be equal to or less than the difference between the assets and liabilities. The act of paying dividends on monthly basis instead on annual basis leads to the understatement of WAG’s annual net income as it prejudices the company’s ability to pay creditors therefore increasing the cost of liabilities. Additionally, the increased interest rates should be captured in WAGs annual income statement to reflect the true net income. Moreover, reduction of Stephen salary by $2,000 in fiscal 2012 was not included in the annual income statement and according to the ASPE principles on full disclosure of expenses such changes if effected during the fiscal year must be provided as additional information to the financial document. Therefore, if Stephen buys WAG Company based on the stated net income and decides not to change the methods of calculating dividends, he will be held liable for violating ASPE that might attract legal penalties for wrong disclosure of financial returns. Secondly, the depreciation of assets method as used by WAG leads to understatement of net income as well as overstatement of it if considered in different perspectives. The disposal of assets with zero residual value at any given cost other than zero is treated as income to a company under the ASPE. WAG disposed of computer server that had zero residual value at a price equal to the book value and this was not captured anywhere in the annual income statement. This also has an effect to the company’s net income as it understates company’s gains realized on the disposal of assets thus leading to underreporting of the net income. Note Withstanding, WAG records equipment at cost and charges depreciation on a straight-line basis on its equipment which decreases in value every year due to depreciation charged on it. The depreciation expense is captured in the income statement while the assets true value remains overstated. This implies that the net income is highly overstated because the depreciable assets are not recorded at the book value. Therefore if Stephen buys WA G Company based on the Rob’s calculation of depreciation that informs the current net income calculation, he would buy assets that are overstated and this may affect his eligibility to acquire more capital for the expansion of the company. Thirdly, the method of capitalizing intangible assets adopted by Rob leads to understatement of net income through the charging of amortization costs in the income statement. WAG capitalizes intangible assets

Imogene King Theory of Goal Attainment Assignment

Imogene King Theory of Goal Attainment - Assignment Example Her success comes from her nursing conceptual system and the goal attainment goal. King developed this theory while trying to summarize a new graduate program content. Its basic purpose is to aid patients to achieve, maintain or regain their health. Her theory assumes that the focus in nursing is caring for human beings, while its goal is individual and group healthcare. According to this theory, human beings continuously interact with their environment, basically because humans are open systems (George, 2008). She links the theory to goal attainment, which assumes that communication between a nurse and a client results in information gathering, which helps them set mutual goals and aids in acting on the goals. She argues that everyone recognizes the world as a total person in formulating transactions between the environment and the individual. The transaction in this theory refers to the interaction between the â€Å"perceiver† and the object perceived. In this transaction, t he â€Å"person† gets into the position as an active participant, after which each is transformed from the experiences. Nurse-client interaction leads to certain assumptions. The first assumption is that the interaction between the two is influenced by their respective perceptions. The client and nurse’ goals and values influence the interaction process, clients have a right to information concerning them, clients should participate in decisions that have an impact on their lives, community, and health, and finally, that it is normal for clients and nurses’ goals to be incongruent. Human beings have three crucial health needs; the need for health information, care services to prevent illness and care services when they are unable to help themselves. This theory has two major concepts; the Interacting and the concepts provided for each system. The interacting systems include personal systems, interpersonal systems and the social system (Wills and McEwen, 2002). 2 .0 Point by point Critical analysis of the theory 2.1 Major concepts Concepts for personal systems includes perception, self, growth, and development, body image, space and time. Interpersonal system concepts include interaction, communication, transaction, role, and stress. Finally, the social system concept includes organization, authority, power, status and decision making. King defines perception as a concept, which influences the overall behavior of a human being. Ultimately, it is the concept upon which all other relationships too. Perception is also a process where an individual obtains personal data through his or her senses, and from which, the individual organizes his or her memory interprets it and transforms the obtained data. The â€Å"self† characteristics refer to the dynamic individual, whose is motivated to achieve their goals by several open systems. The self-includes feelings and thoughts that are linked to the individual’s awareness of being an inde pendent person. The thoughts and feelings also influence the individual’s perception of him/herself. The characteristics of body image are subjective, dynamic, learned and very personal. The body image characteristics usually change over time in relation to the individual’s redefinition of the self. Space, on the other hand, is a universal concept, whose definition depends on the individual. It is difficult to define space because culture influences an individual understands of space.  

Alienation and Fragmentation in Modernist Literature Essay example --

With Sasha Jansen, Jean Rhys created in Good Morning, Midnight a female character who does not have a place in the world. Sasha walks the streets of Paris, commenting, reflecting, remembering. Her few coping-mechanisms show how deeply she is already alienated from the world, even from herself. As a reader you get this fed bit by bit, in fragments, jumping between the actual narration, memories and inner monologues. As a woman in Paris in the late 1930s Sasha Jansen is far ahead of her time. In her book about Jean Rhys, Elaine Savory says about Sasha: "She lives in the 1930s, when women were supposed to gain social standing through marriage to a man (preferably of means), or, if they remained single, to hold onto respectability even in hard times." (p68) Sasha is on her own, her former husband left her at some point in the past, she lives in rented rooms, has very little money and is definitely having a hard time as she is very aware of and does not feel well with her own ageing. Instead of 'holding on to respectability' she drinks. Sometimes she cries in public. She takes men back to her hotel room and has random sex. Her drinking habits seem to be old, it seems that she has been drinking for a long time, regularly. Drinking is one of her main coping mechanisms. Every time she finds herself in an emotionally challenging situation, she longs for a strong drink to soothe herself, to feel less of the pain that is her life. After she started crying in the house of an artist-friend she says: 'I have an irresistible longing for a long, strong drink to make me forget that once again I have given damnable human beings the right to pity me and laugh at me.' (p. 78) While she lived in London, she tried to drink herself to death an... ...ally it wouldn't be too bad to be happy, to be in a better place within herself or just in a lighter, nicer room. But the end of the book is so shockingly bleak that it takes away all hope. She agrees to the one man on her floor she loathes and fears, she invites him in, into her bed, into her body: 'Then I put my arms around him and pull him down on the bed, saying: 'Yes – yes – yes†¦' (p. 159) She finally reaches this place of indifference where nothing matters, where she does not care if she lives or dies, as the stranger in the dressing-gown could just easily kill her. Works Cited Rhys, Jean. 2000. Good Morning, Midnight. London: Penguin Books Savory, Elaine. 2009. The Cambridge Introduction to Jean Rhys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. A. L. Kennedy. 2000. Introduction. In: Rhys, Jean. 2000. Good Morning, Midnight. London: Penguin Books

Asthma or a Chronic Inflammatory Disorder of the Airways

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyper-responsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur. Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho-constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness.During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open . The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils.Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of sub-mucous glands. Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy.This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months  when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination.Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may ha ve one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications.An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication. In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient's history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status.Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, th e respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

Methods of Professional Growth for Teachers